Research |
Program for Computational Reactive Mechanics (PCRM)Anthropogenic
Emissions from energy activities in India:
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Contents Part I: Emissions from Thermal Power Plants using Coal as Fuel |
Part II: Emissions from Vehicular Transport using Petroleum Fuel Vehicles in India Emissions from Internal Combustion Engines Petroleum Fuels used in India Fuel Stoichiometry Engines for Vehicular Transport Exhaust Emissions Indian Scenario Emissions Factors and Available Inventory Appendix |
Emissions from Internal Combustion Engines
The exhaust of an IC engine contains one or more of the following emissions.
1. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
2. Carbon monoxide (CO)
3. Unburned hydrocarbons (HC)
4. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
5. Water vapor (H2O)
6. Oxides of sulfur (SO2)
7. Oxygenated hydrocarbons like aldehydes
8. Smoke, soot, and other forms of black carbon
9. Particulate matter including lead
While CO2 emissions are of major concern for climate change, CO, NOx, HC, and particulate emissions also affect the human, animal, and plant health.
Four recognized sources for emission of polluting gases in vehicles with IC engines are:
(a) The exhaust pipe
(b) The crank case
(c) The carburetor
(d) The Fuel Tank
The design and condition of engine, operating conditions, and ambient air characteristics have considerable influence on the nature and type of emissions. Typical values of emissions of CO, HC and NOx in parts per million under different operating conditions are given in Table 2:
Table 2: Typical values of emissions (in ppmv) under different operating conditions
| Constituents | Idling |
Cruising |
Acceleration |
Decelerating |
| CO | 6400 |
24000 |
24000 |
45000 |
| Hydrocarbons | 1400 |
620 |
810 |
5700 |
| NO | 0 |
1400 |
1700 |
0 |
The common constituents of hydrocarbons in automobile exhaust are:
| Paraffins | CnH2n+2 | Methane, Ethane, Propane, Isobutane |
| Olefins | CnH2n | Hexene, Butadiene |
| Aromatics | CnH2n-6 | Benzene, Toluene |
| Acetylens | C2H2 | |
| Naphthene | CnH2n | Cyclopentane |
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