Research |
Program for Computational Reactive Mechanics (PCRM)Anthropogenic
Emissions from energy activities in India:
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Contents Part I: Emissions from Thermal Power Plants using Coal as Fuel |
Part II: Emissions from Vehicular Transport using Petroleum Fuel Vehicles in India Emissions from Internal Combustion Engines Petroleum Fuels used in India Fuel Stoichiometry Engines for Vehicular Transport Exhaust Emissions Indian Scenario Emissions Factors and Available Inventory Appendix |
Part II: Emissions from Vehicular Transport using petroleum fuels
Vehicles in India
Vehicular transport using Internal Combustion (IC) engines has a major share in the emission of air pollutants such as, particulate mater, lead, Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon moNOxide (CO), Sulfur dioxide (SOx), Nitrogen oxide (NOx), non-methane organic compounds and greenhouse gases, particularly Carbon dioxide (CO2). Combustion of petroleum fuels in IC engines is considered to be one of the dominant anthropogenic sources of these polluting gases. Emissions from these vehicles account for roughly half of NOx, CO, and HC pollutants in the air. Diesel engines also emit irritating and malodorous fumes and smoke. In India, there has been a rapid growth of the vehicles, especially two and four-wheel vehicles since 1990's [Table 1 and Figure 1], and as a result in the level of polluting gases.
Table 1: Vehicle population (x1000) in India (1991-1998)
Year |
All Vehicle |
Two wheelers ¦ ,§ |
Cars $, Jeeps and Taxis |
Buses © |
Goods |
Others # |
1991 |
21374 |
14200 |
2954 |
331 |
1356 |
2533 |
1992 |
23507 |
15661 |
3205 |
358 |
1514 |
2769 |
1993 |
25505 |
17183 |
3361 |
364 |
1603 |
2994 |
1994 |
27660 |
18899 |
3569 |
392 |
1691 |
3109 |
1995 |
30295 |
20831 |
3841 |
423 |
1794 |
3406 |
1996 |
33783 |
23252 |
4204 |
449 |
2031 |
3847** |
1997 |
37231 |
25693 |
4662 |
488 |
2260 |
4128** |
1998 |
40939 |
28342 |
5056 |
535 @ |
2529 |
4477 |
Figure 1: Growth of vehicle population (x1000) in India
# Others include tractors, trailors, three wheelers¡ (passenger vehicles) and other miscellaneous vehicles which are not seperately classified
**Excludes light motor vehicles (three wheelers and four wheelers) which have been shown under goods vehicles
@ includes omni buses
¦ Two stroke scooters |
§ Motor Cycle |
$ Sedan |
© Buses |
+ Heavy Duty Trucks |
Three Wheeler |
Cycle rickshaw |
The increase in the number of vehicles on the roads has resulted in the increased traffic congestions in the mega cities and consequently a substantial increase in pollution levels. Pollution from vehicles increased from 57% in 1975 to 74% in 1995 as reported in the Citizens Fifth Report (2000). Six metropolitan cities, Bangalore, Calcutta, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, and Mumbai account for almost one third of the total vehicle population in India. The following pictures give a glimpse of traffic congestion in Delhi.
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